加拿大留学标化周董新专中关于托福听力艺术背景知识解析
加拿大留学标化周董新专中关于托福听力艺术背景知识解析
近日周杰伦2022年的新歌《最伟大的作品》大家听过了么？其中其实蕴含着很多“艺术彩蛋”，开头那句：
“啊偏执是那马格利特被我变出的苹果超现实的是我还是他原本想画的小丑不是烟斗的烟斗脸上的鸽子没有飞走请你记得他是个画家不是什么调酒”
其实就致敬了我们今天要讲的这篇托福听力艺术史讲座的主人公-比利时超现实主义画家雷内•玛格利特和他的诸多代表作。这是一篇真题，曾多次出现在考试中。很多同学会觉得它晦涩难懂，听得云里雾里，抓不住重点。这是因为同学们缺乏艺术史背景知识，毕竟很少有学校会教艺术史嘛。
其实大家平时积累一点点艺术知识之后再去听艺术史讲座，就会发现其实它很好理解，并没有大家想的那么难。
接下来我们将带大家走近艺术史，边讲这背后的故事，边带大家轻松拆解这篇艺术史讲座
Surrealism超现实主义
一战之后达达主义(Dadaism)逐渐失去动力，但是它却催生了另外一种全新的艺术形式-超现实主义。
佛洛依德认为人的意识分有意识和无意识（unconscious mind），意识受到控制而无意识是直觉，欲望。
超现实主义认为人的无意识一直都被意识压迫，他们要做的就是解放无意识思想。
看上去混乱，颠覆现实。
有了以上背景知识，我们来听这段音频：
听力原文：
Okay.So we're going to focus on surrealism today.Uh,this movement and it happened in art and literature.Uh,it occurred in the 20th century between the first and second world wars.There was a group of French surrealist who were very into exploring the um,unconscious mind,things like dreams,things that go on in our unconscious.Things were not aware of.
玛格利特Rene Magritte有多偏执呢？
很多人听到玛格利特会以为是鸡尾酒玛格丽特，而雷内•玛格利特是一位非常著名的超现实主义画家。
1898年玛格利特出生于比利时，童年时期开始学习绘画，一次他和同伴到墓地玩耍（对，你没看错，到墓地玩耍）看到一位画家在作画，他觉得这位画家在施展魔法，自此，绘画对于他而言就是一种魔法的象征。
1925-1926年在画家歇里科的影响下，玛格利特开始探索超现实主义。
1927年玛格利特在布鲁塞尔举行了个人画展，但并不成功，没有人看得懂他的画，他受到了“喷子们”的嘲讽和谩骂。他很郁闷，移居到了巴黎。
1930年玛格利特受不了功利的巴黎，回到了布鲁塞尔，继续他的创作。
加拿大留学标化周董新专中关于托福听力艺术背景知识解析
雷内•玛格利特被我变出的苹果
玛格利特作品的特点1：重复
他喜欢用相似的元素来组合画面，比如：苹果经常出现在玛格利特的作品中-悬停在人脸前的苹果，戴眼罩的苹果，石头一般的苹果，和房间一样大的苹果和不是苹果的苹果，苹果是真实的苹果，但以不同形式出现在不同场景中就会让我们思考：究竟哪一个才是真实的？哪个才是苹果这个物品的代表？托福听力
玛格利特作品的特点2：荒诞
人们看到他的作品第一感觉就是很真实却荒诞，他将我们熟悉的物品以奇怪的组合并置(juxtapose)在一起，比如房子和苹果，水杯和雨伞，戴礼帽的人和鸽子。他通过这种组合来揭示被人们忽略的相关事物之间的联系，从而得到反思。
The Listening Room（1952）
戴圆顶硬礼帽的男人
人类之子
天降
黑格尔的假期
有了以上背景知识，我们来听这段音频：
听力原文：
Um,and there were other surrealist who were more interested in the conscious mind,like the Belgian artist Rene Magritte who will be focusing on today.Magritte wasn't really into the unconscious at all.Like I said he explored conscious understanding.By that,I mean,reality things that are real that we experience when we're awake.Magritte became well known for juxtaposing or combining familiar images in such a way that they became unfamiliar.Like he did one painting of an apple in a room,two common things,right?But he made the apple so big that it took up the entire room.So the image we see of two familiar things becomes completely absurd.
不是烟斗的烟斗
（tobacco pipe）
这幅《图像的背叛》是玛格利特的代表作之一，上面是一个烟斗的图案，下面一行法语，意思是“这不是一个烟斗”要看懂这幅作品，要先理解玛格利特对哲学的思考：
The Treachery of Images（1928-1929）《图像的背叛》
语词（Arbitrary association）与图像（Resemblance）
在参与了超现实主义运动之后，玛格利特开始关注图像和语言之间的关系，并发表了《语词与图像》这篇文章，其中研究了图像和语言的关系，并提出了一些列关于表现和意义的复杂哲学命题。究竟表象和文字哪个能代表烟斗这个物品呢？画中的烟斗的代表是否背叛了他的样子？他究竟只不是一个烟斗？不禁让人产生一系列的哲学思考。
听力原文：
Okay?All right.Now,um,along with his works that juxtaposed objects,Magritte explored the effect caused by introducing words into paintings.He put words in the paintings themselves or give the paintings kind of bizarre titles.For example,there's a famous painting of his that that chose a curved tobacco pipe with the words written beneath that saying in French,this is not a pipe.Well,obviously,it wasn't an actual tobacco pipe that someone could smoke,but it was a very realistic painting of a pipe.Uh,so Magritte was experimenting with words and images and how we use words to see and think about the world.
Now,before we get into this any further,we need to talk about the idea of representation.And this gets kind of philosophical but bear with me.Okay?All right.Basically,two ways of representing things are by resemblance and by arbitrary association.Resemblance means basically,um,representing something with an image that looks like the thing it's referring to.So if you're representing a tree this way that you would draw a sketch of the tree with a trunk branches leaves.So the thing you're using to represent an actual tree,uh,it resembles a tree all right.
Now,arbitrary association is what words do.Written words themselves,at least in modern languages,don't look like the things they're representing,but they’re associated with them.So one way to represent the concept of a tree by arbitrary association would be to just write down the word using the alphabetic symbols that spell the word tree,t-r-e-e.Those letters in themselves on anything,but scribbles,but they represent the concept of tree in our minds.And it works with abstract ideas,too.If you see the word“want“written on a page,you know what it means?You don't need to see a picture of it.Are you following me?Uh,you can use arbitrary association to represent abstract things,things you couldn't draw a picture of.
So Magritte was interested in like playing with representation and making people aware of these processes that we use.And this and all this about making us think about representation and how we use it.Well,it's a common thing to study in art today.Much more so than when the Magritte was painted.Basically,the Magritte was way ahead of his time in that respect.
作品名字
命名是解读玛格利特作品的关键，因为他认为作品的名字是对作品本身的补充和延伸。为作品提供一些新的思考角度。
有时，命名和图像会成为悖论关系。你以为是天空是苹果，其实他可能什么都不是。
这不是一个苹果
The Palace of Curtains III,1928/29
有了以上背景知识，我们来听这段音频：
听力原文：
Okay,anyway,let's look at another Magritte from 1929 called“The Palace of Curtains III”.Well,what did I say about these are titles?
Now this is a pretty simple example of what we were just talking about.We have two frames.The one on the left is the sky,right?Okay?And over on the right,it's just the word“ciel”now“ciel”means sky in French.So here you have two kinds of representation.There's resemblance on the left,because it's painted to look like the sky and arbitrary association on the right,because it has the word for sky.And if you notice,there are shadows behind these two frames.So the light must be coming from behind the viewer and to the left,not from the sky,which you might expect if it actually were the sky.So the representation of sky isn’t accurate because of the lighting.So the question is,does it really resemble the sky?And by the way,don't think Magritte didn't do this on purpose.That was the point to make people think about the way things are represented as images and as words.
