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加拿大留学GMAT SC必考系列句子结构

发布时间: 2022-07-27 15:21:10
摘要:
    句子结构虽然在考试中直接考察的情况并不是很多,但是却是理解句子意思时候最为重要的,也是很多考生最容易忽视的一个知识点----大部分情况我们可能不需要划分...

       句子结构虽然在考试中直接考察的情况并不是很多,但是却是理解句子意思时候最为重要的,也是很多考生最容易忽视的一个知识点----大部分情况我们可能不需要划分句子结构也可以合理的理解句子意思,但是在遇到长难句的时候,尤其是理解句子遇到困难的时候,清晰的划分句子结构就变得尤为重要,但很多学生却在理解困难的时候,不会记得去划分句子结构

  首先,句子的基本结构为:主语+谓语+宾语(其中,部分完整的句子可以没有宾语),这三个部分被视为句子的主干,也可以认为是核心成分;

  主语:可以为名词,名词短语,数量词,代词,ving分词短语,不定式短语,名词性从句(主语从句)GMAT

  注意:介词后面紧邻的名词,只能作为介词短语的一部分,不能作为其他的成分

  主语的位置:通常位于句子开头的部分,

  a)如果主语前面存在修饰成分,则在修饰成分结束后紧邻的部分;比如:在主语前面存在

  短语修饰的情况,修饰短语后面紧邻的名词性成分则为主语;如果句子开头是一个从

  句,则对应的主句的开头即为主语;

  b)如果存在倒装,则建议把倒装句调整为正常语序判断主语;

  谓语:动词,动词的单数以及动词的不同时态的形式,或者助动词或情态动词+动词的对应形式,比

  如have done..,will do…等

  注意:

  a)动词的过去式及过去分词相同的时候,要注意区分,动词的过去分词单独不能作为谓语

  动词的

  b)动词根据词性分为两种---及物动词,和不及物动词,其中注意及物动词的后面通常不

  能直接+介词(除存在倒装的情况外)

  例句:usher air…

  tips:当主语后面紧接一个从句的时候,句子的谓语动词位于从句内容全部结束之后

  例句1:Fossils of a whale that beached on an African shore more than a million

  years ago and was subsequently butchered by hominids have been

  recovered by paleontologists.

  在这个句子中,主语为fossils of a whale,谓语为have been recovered…,在主语和谓语之

  间为一个完整的定语从句,定语从句中还有两个谓语动词beached..和were butchered…,

  切记,不要把这两个动词中的任何一个误认为是主句的谓语动词

  例句2:First discovered more than 30 years ago,Lina's sunbird,a four-and-a-half-

  inch animal found in the Philippines and that resembles a hummingbird,has

  shimmering metallic colors on its head;a brilliant orange patch,bordered

  with red tufts,in the center of its breast;and a red eye.

  (B)found in the Philippines and that,resembling

  在这个句子的B选项中,先用B选项替换掉句子中划线部分,然后再看整个句子的句子结

  构,会发现主语为Lina's sunbird,原句中的谓语动词has在B选项中,变成了and that..从句

  的谓语动词,从而导致句子缺少了谓语动词,句子结构不完整

  相对的,其余的部分都可以视为修饰成分:

  A)修饰成分根据修饰对象的不同,可以分为定语,状语,补语等,GMAT中对状语和补语考察很少,这里

  重点说明一下定语:用来修饰名词的成分叫定语;放在名词的后面修饰名词的成分,叫后置定语;学在加拿大

  在GMAT中,我们最多考虑的是后置定语:

  1)虽然后置定语位于名词之后,但是理解句子意思的时候,需要把后置定于放在名词的前面理解:

  例句:

  tips:

  a)动词的过去分词(v+ed)自身含有被动含义,因此ved分词短语做后置定语的时候,表示被

  动语态;

  b)动词的现在分词(v+ing)表示主动语态;

  2)后置定语是定语从句的省略形式,如果两者都是正确的情况,优先考虑后置定语,当然GMAT中目

  前没有遇到这种情况,所以大家只要知道就可以了

  B)各种从句:在GMAT中,除了that引导的从句类型外,大部分情况都不需要记忆是何种从句类型,只需

  要看到从句引导词时,知道后面通常需要接从句,以及在句子中的作用即可,比如although(尽管,

  或虽然),表示让步或转折的;because(因为),表示原因的;等.

  GMAT中关于从句的核心考点请查看“从句”部分,有详细讲解;

  其中,注意,定语从句在理解的时候,同后置定语一样,需要放置在名词的前面进行理解;

  C)根据在句子中的作用分,还包括:插入语,同位语,伴随状语,结果状语,独立主格等这几个修饰成分考点都在前面有单独的介绍,请参照各对应的部分;

加拿大留学GMAT SC必考系列句子结构

  修饰关系:

  1)在一个句子中,形容词和冠词向后修饰名词;且形容词,冠词都只能修饰名词,所以当看到一个单词前面用形容词或者冠词修饰的时候,表示核心词为一个名词;

  例句3:The market for so-called functional beverages,drinks that promise health benefits beyond

  their inherent nutritional value,nearly doubled over the course of four years,in rising

  from$2.68 billion in 1997 to be$4.7 billion in 2000.

  在这个句子中,so-called functional就是形容词放在名词的前面,修饰名词beverages的情况;

  当想要表达一个动词的名词意思的时候,如果动词存在名词形式,或名词意思,则通常不能用ving分词替代名词;

  例句4:The continental United States receives an average of 30 inches of precipitation a year;

  transpiration from soil and from plants returns approximately 21 of the 30 inches to the

  atmosphere,while the balance of 9 inches contributes to the flow of streams and rivers.

  (B)even though transpiration from soil and from plants returns approximately 21 of the

  30 inches to the atmosphere,the remainder of 9 inches contribute to the flowing

  在这个句子中,注意原句中的the flow和B选项中的the flowing..,其中B选项中想要用flowing表示名词,但是因为flow自身就含有名词意思,因此,不能用flowing替代flow表示名词;加拿大商科研究生

  2)句子主语前面的修饰成分,通常可以向后修饰句子主语;

  例句5:By skimming along the top of the atmosphere,a proposed new style of aircraft could fly

  between most points on Earth in under two hours,according to its proponents.

  在这个句子中,就是句子主语前面有一个修饰短语的情况;

  3)部分修饰成分不存在修饰对象,比如独立主格,通常只是在句子意思上也与主句存在关联,因此没有直接的语法上的修饰对象;一些类型的从句,比如because从句也仅仅与主句存在因果关系,因此也可以视为没有直接的修饰对象;

  4)其他的修饰成分则通常向前修饰,比如后置定语,定语从句,插入语等,其中:

  a)后置定语,定语从句(偶尔可以跳过短的介词短语修饰前面的名词),插入语通常都临近修饰前

  面的名词;

  b)伴随状语,结果状语,同位语等其他的修饰成分请查看各对应部分,里面有详细讲解

  GMAT中,句子结构方面的常见考点:

  1)句子结构的完整性:

  a)句子缺少谓语;

  例句6:Research has shown that when speaking,individuals who have been blind from

  birth and have thus never seen anyone gesture nonetheless makehand motions

  just as frequently and in the same way as sighted people do,and that they will

  gesture even when conversing with another blind person.

  (B)have thus never seen anyone gesture but nonetheless make hand motions just

  as frequently and in the same way that sighted people do,and

  在这个例题的原句中,make作为shown that的that从句中的谓语动词,但是在B选项中,因为

  make前面添加了but,使得shown that的that从句找不到对应的谓语动词了;

  b)句子缺少主语;

  例句7:New data from United States Forest Service ecologists show that for every dollar

  spent on controlled small-scale burning,forest thinning,and the training of fire

  management personnel,it saves seven dollars that would not be spent on having

  to extinguish big fires.

  (C)that for every dollar spent on controlled small-scale burning,forest thinning,

  and the training of fire-management personnel saves seven dollars on not

  having to extinguish

  在这个例题的C选项中的that从句内,谓语saves前面只有一个介词短语for every dollar…

  personnel,找不到任何成分可以作为主语,且that从句为宾语从句,不能用that指代名词充当主

  语,因此句子结构不完整;

  c)句子结构不完整;

  例句8:Like English and Italian,each of which have elaborate rules for forming words and

  sentences,so sign languages have rules for individual signs and signed sentences.

  在这个句子中,so作为连词,后面接了一个从句,因此在so前面需要存在一个主句,但原句中仅存

  在一个like…短语,找不到主句,因此句子结构不完整

  d)句子意思表述不完整

  例句9:So dogged were Frances Perkins'investigations of the garment industry,and her

  lobbying for wage and hour reform was persistent,Alfred E.Smith and Franklin D.

  Roosevelt recruited Perkins to work within the government,rather than as a social

  worker.

  在这个句子中,and her lobbying….was persistent,中and的后面是一个完整的句子,但是and

  前面虽然也是一个句子,但是此句子的意思并未表达完整,正常语序为Frances Perkins'

  investigations of the garment industry were so dogged..,根据句子意思可以判断,此句子想

  要用so….that….的用法,但是在and前面that从句的部分并没有表述出来,因此句子结构不完整,不能与完整的句子并列;

加拿大留学GMAT SC必考系列句子结构

  2)修饰成分与被修饰对象

  a)修饰成分找不到修饰对象;

  例句10:The market for so-called functional beverages,drinks that promise health benefits

  beyond their inherent nutritional value,nearly doubled over the course of four

  years,in rising from$2.68 billion in 1997 to be$4.7 billion in 2000.

  E.rising from$2.68 billion in 1997 to

  在这个句子中,in rising from…in 2000,作为修饰成分(介词短语),在句子中找不到对应的修饰

  对象;in v+ing…的介词短语通常理解为在…方面;

  正确选项E选项中rising from…则可理解为伴随状语,与doubled同时发生,修饰句子主语the

  market

  b)修饰成分无法修饰可能的被修饰对象;

  例句11:In a speech before the Senate Banking Committee,the chairman of the Federal

  Reserve painted an optimistic picture of the economy,suggesting to investors the

  central bank in the near future is not lowering interest rates.

  C.which suggests that to investors in the near future interest rates will not be

  lowered by the central bank

  在这个例题的C选项中,which从句通常仅能临近修饰前面的名词economy,很明显修饰关系不合

  理,不能是economy suggests that….;这个句子中,应该是前面主句所描述的整件事表明…

  c)修饰成分的位置错误,导致修饰关系不合理

  例句12:Making things even more difficult has been general market inactivity lately,if not

  paralysis,which has providedlittle in the way of pricing guidance.

  D.lately,general market inactivity,if not paralysis,has provided

  在这个例题原句中,lately(副词)放在主语general market inactivity(名词)后面,很明显不能用

  来修饰主语,因此lately在原句中的位置是错误的;

  在正确选项D选项中,注意lately的被指被提前到了difficult的后面,用来修饰making…difficult这个

  分词短语,修饰关系是合理的

  d)修饰成分位置改变,导致无法修饰到原本的修饰对象,或者改变句子意思;

  例句13:Heavy commitment by an executive to a course of action,especially if it has

  worked well in the past,makes it likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or

  misinterpret them when they do appear.

  (C)An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action is likely to miss or

  misinterpret signs of incipient trouble when they do appear,especially if it has

  worked well in the past.

  在这个例题的C选项中,把原本临近a course of action的插入语especially if it has worked well

  in the past,的位置改变了,放置在了句子结尾处,导致无法修饰到a course of action

  e)修饰成分导致句子意思不合理;

  例句14:In 2000,a mere two dozen products accounted for half the increase in spending

  on prescription drugs,a phenomenon that is explained not just because of more

  expensive drugs but by the fact that doctors are writing many more prescriptions

  for higher‐cost drugs.

  C.a phenomenon occurring not just because of drugs that are becoming more

  expensive but because of doctors having also written

  在这个例题的C选项中,because of drugs that are becoming more expensive,注意这个短语,看起来结构上没有任何问题,但是在理解句子意思的时候,仅能理解为“因为(变得越来越贵的)药,注意,that are becoming more expensive需要放在drugs的前面理解----这样把选项代回到句子中,整体句意就不合理了。

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